深圳拍卖瓷器成交率怎么样

瓷器是中国劳动人民的重要发明之一，是古代劳动人民的智慧和力量的结晶。中国瓷器的发展，由宋代的大江南北成百上千窑口百花争艳的态势经由元代过渡之后，到明代几乎变成了由景德镇各瓷窑一统天下的局面。

景德镇的瓷器以青花为主，其它各类产品如釉下彩、釉上彩、斗彩、单色釉等也都十分出色。

以景德镇的青花为例:洪武时期青花色泽偏于黑、暗，纹饰上改变了元代层次较多，花纹繁满的风格，趋向清淡、多留空白地;永宣时期青花以其胎釉精细，青色浓艳，造型多样和纹饰优美而颇负盛名，其所用青料为进口的苏麻离青;成化弘治、正德青花胎薄釉白，青色淡雅，其青料为国产的平等青; 嘉万时期青花蓝中泛紫，发色艳丽浓重，其青料为回青或回青与石子青混合使用;万历后期，天启至明末青花蓝中泛灰，青料为国产浙料。

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何鉴定明代瓷器，具体说来，要从以下四个方面进行:

一、造型

明代瓷器的造型，是鉴别真伪的重要依据。这是因为各类器型多能确切表现本时代的生活习惯、审美标准、风俗面貌和技术成就。若能谙熟并善于识别其形状和神态，就掌握了一种比较可靠的鉴定方法。

对于明代的一些典型器型，特别是名贵品种，更应烂熟于心，形成固有的正宗概念。越是名贵的品种，便越会有人去仿制。在鉴别中，有了准确的器型概念，无须多究，便可一眼识破那些低劣的赝品;有了准确的器型概念，对那些貌似真品的伪作，经细心体察和揣度后，就能看出神离之处，找出其细微差别;有了准确的器型概念，就能善于体会各时代的不同风格和神态，对那些维肖的仿品，便能独具慧眼，看出其虽维肖但不维妙之处，从而窥出破绽。明初洪武时期的青花瓷色泽暗黑，这主要是元末明初战争频繁，苏料进口中断，使用国产青料造成的。

永乐、宣德年间瓷器制做也如明代国力一样处于一个上升阶段，尤其青花瓷达到了一个新的高峰，史称"永宣瓷"。它的主要特点是:由于郑和下西洋，从中亚伊斯兰国家带回了"苏麻离青"料。在适当的火侯下，能烧成像宝石一样的鲜艳色泽，但由于含铁量高，往往会在青花部分出现黑疵斑点。

在掌握各时代瓷器品种的特征及时代风貌的同时，应侧重对器型的古拙、敦厚、粗笨、秀美、玲珑、华丽等不同风格进行研究，详加分析对比，摸清其演变规律。久而久之，便可充分利用不同器型特征，熟练地鉴别真伪。明代永乐年间的器型古拙秀美，当时出现的一些精品，如白釉脱胎暗花盘碗，青花压手杯之类，都是后仿品在造型等方面远远不可企及的;宣德时期造型种类明显增多，并且制作精致，独出心裁，有些是空前绝后之作，若不具备很高的技术水平，难以仿制成功。故永宣青花器，仅见清代盛世康熙、雍正、乾隆时的仿品及民国时的赝作，除此而外其他时期少见。至于成化时期，器型惟重纤巧，大器较少，其碗、把杯、天字罐类，都出色地代表了当时轻盈秀致的风格，并为仿品所望尘莫及。弘治、正德时期虽器型品种不多，但却端庄秀逸。嘉靖、万历以后，器型渐趋复杂，又有许多创新之作，风格上厚重古拙与轻盈华丽兼而有之，只是比起永宣时期的作品未免粗糙。

对于造型，要从以下几点去观察:器口、腹、底、柄、耳、颈、流、系、足以至器里。若能经常测量器体部位，体重厚薄，熟记大小，对于鉴定工作更为有利。
I, Shape
The shape of the porcelain in the Ming Dynasty is an important basis for distinguishing between authenticity and authenticity. This is because the various types of devices can accurately represent this time.
Life habits, aesthetic standards, customs and technical achievements of the generation. If you can understand and recognize its shape and
The manner, has mastered a kind of more reliable identification method.
For some typical types of devices in the Ming Dynasty, especially expensive varieties, they should be familiar with the heart and form an inherent Orthodox outline.
Read it. The more expensive the variety, the more people will copy it. In the identification, there is an accurate device concept, no
If you look more closely, you can see through the inferior fakes; With the exact concept of the device, for those who seem to be the real thing
After careful observation and speculation, the pseudo-works can see where God is separated and find out its nuances; Got it. Accurate.
The concept of the device can be good at understanding the different styles and styles of various eras, and can be used for those imitation products of Vishaw.
Unique eyes, see that although it is Weixiao, but not the place of beauty, so as to peep out the flaws

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二、纹饰

瓷器上的纹饰，也和造型一样，具有鲜明的时代特征。对于明初永宣青花器上的晕散下凹斑痕等特有现象，在后代的仿品中都不能准确再现。在断代和鉴别真伪时，观察、比较同时期与相近朝代其他工艺品的图案画意等特征也很重要。例如，明清两代瓷器的画面，就与同时代的织绣、竹、木、漆、牙、玉、铜、银等工艺品装饰，互有影响，一脉相通;又如成化时期瓷器的海上水八怪，缠枝莲纹，也与前朝景泰掐丝珐琅器上纹饰相同。如此等等，便可发现时代的特征，找出共同的规律，无论是官窑还是民窑器物，都应作大量细致的对比分析，便如永乐、宣德瓷器的缠枝莲、海水龙、成化瓷的青花底足双线特征，正德瓷的回文，嘉靖、万历瓷的道教画与镂雕工艺，康熙瓷的双猗牡丹、回影梅，雍正瓷的过枝花和皮球花等等，在决疑辨伪中，都有着重要的参考价值。

鉴定真伪，还可根据纹饰的笔法，远近疏密的层次，笔力纤弱等等。
II. Decorations
The decoration on the porcelain is also the same as the shape, with distinctive characteristics of the times. For the first time in the Ming Dynasty,
The peculiar phenomena such as deformity and dimpled marks can not be accurately reproduced in the imitation of future generations. In the generation and identification of authenticity
At the same time, it is also important to observe and compare the characteristics of patterns and paintings of other crafts in the same period and similar dynasties. such as
The picture of the two generations of porcelain in the Ming and Qing dynasties was related to contemporary embroidery, bamboo, wood, paint, teeth, Jade, copper, silver and other workers.
Art decoration, mutual influence, the same pulse; Another example is the sea water eight strange porcelain in Chenghua period, wrapped in Lotus lines,
It is also the same as the decoration on the former Jingtai silk enamel. And so on, we can discover the characteristics of the times and find out the common
The same laws, whether it is the official kiln or the civilian kiln artifacts, should be a large number of detailed comparative analysis, such as Yongle,
The characteristics of the blue and white feet of Xuande porcelain, the water Dragon, and Chenghua porcelain, the palindrome of Zhengde porcelain, and Jiajing
, Wanli porcelain Taoism

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三、胎釉

就瓷器而论，胎为骨，釉为衣。细致观察胎体和釉面也是断代和鉴别中必不可少的一环。

鉴定胎质时，可从器足的无釉处观察，注意胎土淘炼的纯净与烧结的缜密程度。如的永宜细砂底器，露胎处均可见到金属自然氧化形成的黑褐色星点或火石红色;另外明代胎体迎光，都显肉红色而清代及民国仿品则为青白色。如以洁白细润著称于世的成化胎体，迎光显牙白或粉白色，具有如脂似乳的莹润光泽。

对于明代各种不同的釉面观察方法，除以眼目直观外，必要时还可借助放大镜。观察时更要注意釉质的粗细，光泽的新旧，釉面的厚薄，以及气泡的大小、疏密的程度等特征。对各时代釉面的典型表现，要牢记心中，如明代瓷器釉面都闪现不同程度的青白色，明早期釉面常有无色的自然开片及缩釉现象;明代宣德的桔皮釉，明代晚期黄釉釉面所闪现的血丝状小红点。另外釉面的新旧光泽也可说明真伪。对各时期施釉的厚薄，釉面的莹润与干涩，釉质的缜密和疏松及浓缩、积釉等状态也需掌握，这也是鉴定真伪的一个重要因素。如常见永乐白釉器口，底边角与釉薄处闪白和闪黄，釉厚处闪浅淡青色。永乐翠青积釉处的气泡密、玻璃质强，明代蓝釉釉面表现的灰黑色调，明代宣德釉面的棕眼现象等等。所以，造型、纹饰、款识、釉色、胎质等鉴定方法必须同时并用，方能收到殊途同归，全面一致的效果。
III. Fetal glaze
As far as porcelain is concerned, the tire is bone and the glaze is clothing. Careful observation of the fetal body and glaze is also indispensable in the generation and identification.
A link.
When the fetal quality is identified, it can be observed from the blank glaze of the foot and pay attention to the purity of the fetal soil and the meticulous degree of sintering.
For example, the famous Yongyi fine sand bottom device, dark brown stars or Flint formed by the natural oxidation of metals can be seen at the exposed tires.
Red; In addition, the light of the fetal body in the Ming Dynasty showed red meat, while the imitation of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China was blue-white. As in
The body of an adult fetus known to the world, showing white or pink white in the light, with a lipids like milk.
Glossy.
For the different glaze observation methods of the Ming Dynasty, in addition to the visual eye, if necessary, you can also use a magnifying glass.
When observing, pay attention to the thickness of the glaze, the old and new luster, the thickness of the glaze, and the size and density of the bubbles.
The degree and other characteristics. For the typical performance of glaze in each era, you must bear in mind that the porcelain glaze of the Ming Dynasty is flashing.

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四、款识

明代瓷器各代款识千差万别，凭款识特点来断代和辨伪也就相当重要。体会各代款识的不同风格，首先可以从研究笔法入手，然后将真假实物款识，相互比照，结合实物，反复审度其字体的结构、排列的形式、落款的部位，以及款字色泽的深浅浓淡等。另外，也应当注意总结同一时期及早期和晚期款识不尽相同的变化规律。
IV. Knowledge
In Ming Dynasty, the different generations of porcelain were very different, and it was very important to break down generations and identify forgeries based on the characteristics of knowledge. Experience all generations
The different styles of knowledge can be started from the study of brushwork, and then the true and false physical knowledge can be compared with each other.
Combined with the physical object, the structure of the typeface, the form of the arrangement, the place where the money is dropped, and the color of the words are repeatedly reviewed
Shallow and light, etc.. In addition, attention should also be paid to summing up the different changes in the same period and in the early and late stages.
The pattern.

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